The value of a company is usually measured with data included in the firm’s accounting records and other financial information, such as financial forecasts. This type of valuation provides an incomplete value, since it does not take into account other economic, social and environmental aspects. For this reason, the objective of this article is to discuss how companies can quantify the costs and benefits that their activities generate for society and the environment (externalities). Therefore, the article describes how to reach an estimate of the company’s real value (or total value) by adding the social and environmental value to the firm’s financial value, according to the «True Value» methodology (KPMG, 2014). Additionally, this methodology is applied to a business in order to estimate its real value. Once the estimate has been calculated, the study analyzes how externalities can end up affecting the value of the company. Finally, a strategy is proposed so that the business can minimize the negative impact of externalities on its results.
The globalisation of financial markets has been based on several factors that have enabled their integration. Two of them are financial deregulation and free movement of capital. Especially relevant to this change has been technological progress regarding the connection between markets. This has encouraged and standardised systems for settling and compensating transactions, speeded up trading with integrated services from different markets, and improved the risk-benefit ratio for investors.
As a result of such big change in the economic environment as well as the financial system and its communication patterns, new innovative financial products have been developed. Their aim is to provide protection from growing volatility and increased risk in all financial transactions.
The negative side of globalisation and the high interconnection between markets is the contagion effect of financial crises. The most recent example is the sub-prime crisis that sparked off in the United States in 2007. This caused a drop in liquidity on the global credit market, which in turn affected the economy of several countries, and showed the weakness of the global financial system and its regulatory framework.
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