This article explores the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on the labour market, highlighting its disruptive implications and the opportunities it can generate. AI is an advanced technology capable of automating both routine and non-routine tasks, and it is already transforming activities such as image recognition, complex system management, and language processing. In addition to the effects of polarization and increased wage inequality induced by digital automation, AI can also put highly skilled jobs at risk, as it can replace tasks such as inferential reasoning and information organization. However, while automation will reduce the demand for human work, it will also create new occupations based on emerging skills. The application of AI can also complement human work, improving the quality of results and expanding job skills. This opportunity to develop complementarities will redefine tasks and open up new job opportunities. However, the benefits of AI will not be distributed equally, increasing the risk of exclusion for vulnerable groups. To mitigate these effects, inclusive and active policies that encourage technological adaptation and reduce social inequalities are needed so that AI truly becomes a tool that enhances human expertise.

In recent years, interest in artificial intelligence (AI) has significantly increased. The availability of vast amounts of data, advancements in computing power, and the development of new methods and algorithms have enabled the training of more accurate and reliable models that can be effectively applied in real-world contexts. This growing interest has surged further with the emergence of new generative AI (GenAI) methods, which can synthesize text, images, video, audio, or code based on user input. The popularity of GenAI, along with the introduction of increasingly sophisticated versions that require more resources to create and run, has sparked debate about its long-term scalability. In this article, we will examine GenAI from a sustainability perspective, assessing its current impact and future projections, while identifying the most promising trends and technologies to enhance the long-term sustainability of GenAI.

Automation is the process of replacing human work with machines and aims to make certain tasks in the workplace more efficient. This article reviews the effects of the link between automation and artificial intelligence (AI) on people’s work. In principle, the constant improvement of AI and its ever-wider use have favoured the automation of an increasing number of tasks, particularly non-routine tasks traditionally performed only by people. This has meant that many occupations, both low- and high-skilled, as well as many workers, are in danger of being replaced after losing the race with technology. However, a review of the effects, based on the level of skills, occupations, and workers, indicates that automation is still focused on replacing routine and low-skilled tasks and occupations. If automation and AI can boost productivity to the point where new and better jobs are created and if workers acquire the skills to interact with AI, a future of enhanced work, of agreement between people and machines, is also possible.

The analysis of previous industrial revolutions has shown that the consequences of technological innovations on employment depend on the degree of complementarity between new technologies and workers. So far, this complementarity has clearly benefited the most qualified workers (skill-biased technological change); however, in the current context, recent developments in generative artificial intelligence could change this situation. This article aims to briefly present the current state of affairs regarding this subject based on a bibliographic review of recent academic works. The main conclusion is that the available evidence on the effects of artificial intelligence on employment does not show any significant variation in relation to previous technological changes. However, if AI-based technologies continue to develop and adapt to new tasks, we can expect their effects to be much more disruptive than in the past, although it is too early to tell. In any case, it is essential that educational systems are flexible enough to cope with these changes and respond adequately to the new needs of the labour market.

The recent advances in technology, and particularly artificial intelligence, are having an extremely profound effect on very diverse sectors, including that of the judiciary in its various manifestations. The work presented here analyses some of the more recent developments in artificial intelligence in the field of the application of law, with the aim of discerning the point up to which we are approaching the idea – not so utopian now  – of the AI judge and the automated application of law. The analysis is structured in three different areas, which are at the same time complimentary: firstly, there is an analysis of the conceptual aspect (what distinct elements and activities involve the judicial application of law, with the aim of determining what processes would be necessary to automate in order to be able to speak of an “AI judge”); secondly, a number of recent technologies and applications are presented which would influence in some way the application of law, with the purpose of determining at what point we would find ourselves with respect to a process of automation; and finally, there will be a brief reflection on the possible positive or negative effects an automation of the application of law would involve.

The trend of artificial intelligence is arriving in public administrations, even if this is happening at a slower pace than in other sectors. Today, there are already some public administrations which use artificial intelligence in data analysis, decision-making, fraud detection and irregularities, and the provision of public services. The use of artificial intelligence creates a number of challenges for public administrations that need to be addressed, such as the current lack of transparency, the biases and discrimination, the decrease in guarantees in the processing of administrative procedures, the responsibility for damages caused by the use of artificial intelligence, and its impact on public employment. Artificial intelligence is one of the foundations of intelligent governance; it must include all people in order to contribute to a sustainable development.

The technologies based on artificial intelligence and robotics are one of the leading challenges facing us now with regards to the future of human work. The so-called Industry 4.0 is placing various business models in doubt, transforming training requirements for the system of production, and is progressively impacting on the distribution of profit.

The Spanish labour market provides a good example of how this new wave of technological change can have an impact on the levels and especially the structure of employment. A growing polarisation can be seen in labour demand and employment opportunities in accordance with educational levels and the various effects of labour imbalance, which are principally attributable to the characteristics of a dominant production model that is intensive in tasks of a routine nature but not particularly active in the incorporation of emerging technologies.

Mobile marketing is a field of digital marketing constantly being reinterpreted due to the unstoppable progress of smart devices, founded little more than ten years ago, which have little to do with the conventional mobile phones that appeared in the nineteen nineties. In the same manner that interconnected mobility is changing human habits, the rest of the areas in digital marketing knowledge are adapting to a new reality which does not yet have known behavioural patterns. Mobility has an immense impact on digital marketing spheres, such as advertising, search engines, social networks, email marketing and promotional marketing. All these have been transforming, to the detriment of traditional browsing and functionalities linked to desktop computers. We are therefore reaching that moment in which digital mobility itself forms an implicit part of the definition of marketing. We could say that the concept independent of mobile marketing has its days numbered.

In recent years, technological solutions of varying degrees of complexity have emerged that have driven the evolution of logistics and supply chain, and which enable concordance between the requirements and limitations faced by customers in the eCommerce shopping process.

Advances in certain technologies in other sectors has enabled them to be incorporated into logistics and the supply chain, not only adding value for the customer through the customization of the products and services on offer, but also having an impact on suppliers and other actors that form part of the chain, enabling them to achieve enhanced responsiveness in terms of stock planning, management and transportation.

In the future, the adoption of these new technologies will require a process of specialization at the expense of the purely operational role that has characterized the logistics sector to date, as well as requiring new standards and regulatory bodies to be generated that enable their integration and development.

Concern for the future of employment is a recurring theme whenever a process of disruptive change in technology takes place. Economic analysis has shown that technology does not destroy work, but it skews skills and abilities, and displaces tasks, jobs, occupations and people. Generally, in the long term, the consequences of these technological waves on work tend to be positive because they are linked to increases in productivity, new economic activity, higher employment and salary improvements for people working in firms or sectors related to technological innovation. In addition, the effects of job substitution can be offset in the long term if firms’ strategies and policies, especially in terms of human resource management, take the form of active employment policies that train and reskill displaced people. This general form of interaction of technology with work has been questioned with the recent digital wave characterized, among other factors, by the explosion of intelligent robotics. According to some authors, the rate of substitution of human labour by robots will be so fast that they can hardly be compensated by the usual route of increases in demand and productivity. Other authors argue just the opposite, and frame the current dynamics within the context of the traditional interactions between technology and work. However, robotics is non-human work, has very particular and dynamic characteristics, offers a wide range of possibilities of use and, at the same time, generates fears too. In this article, we will analyse the employment implications of new robotics, paying special attention to the human resources management.